Palladium(2+);dihydroxide
Overview
Description
Palladium(2+);dihydroxide, also known as palladium hydroxide, is a chemical compound with the formula Pd(OH)₂. It is characterized by the presence of palladium in the +2 oxidation state and hydroxide ions. This compound is widely recognized for its applications in various chemical processes, particularly as a catalyst in hydrogenation and oxidation reactions .
Scientific Research Applications
Palladium(2+);dihydroxide has a wide range of applications in scientific research, including:
Mechanism of Action
Target of Action
Palladium(2+);dihydroxide, also known as Palladium hydroxide, is primarily used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions . It is particularly active for the hydrogenolysis of benzyl-nitrogen bonds . The primary targets of this compound are therefore the benzyl-nitrogen bonds present in the reactants of the catalyzed reactions .
Mode of Action
This compound interacts with its targets by facilitating the breaking of benzyl-nitrogen bonds . This is achieved through a process known as hydrogenolysis, where a molecule is cleaved into two parts by the addition of hydrogen . The compound also effectively catalyzes direct arylation reactions of aryl iodides and bromides .
Biochemical Pathways
The biochemical pathways affected by this compound are those involving the breaking of benzyl-nitrogen bonds and the arylation of aryl iodides and bromides . The downstream effects of these reactions depend on the specific reactants and products involved. In general, the compound’s action can lead to the formation of new chemical compounds through the rearrangement of molecular bonds .
Pharmacokinetics
While specific ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) properties for this compound are not readily available, a study on a dinuclear palladium(II)-spermine chelate, which is a related compound, showed that palladium in serum exhibited biphasic kinetics with a terminal half-life of 20.7 hours . The free palladium in serum ultrafiltrate showed a higher terminal half-life than platinum (35.5 versus 31.5 hours) . Palladium was distributed throughout most of the tissues except for the brain, with the highest values in the kidney, followed by the liver, lungs, ovaries, adipose tissue, and mammary glands .
Result of Action
The molecular and cellular effects of this compound’s action are primarily the formation of new chemical compounds through the rearrangement of molecular bonds . This can lead to the synthesis of new substances or the breakdown of existing ones, depending on the specific reactions catalyzed .
Action Environment
The action, efficacy, and stability of this compound can be influenced by various environmental factors. For instance, the compound’s catalytic activity may be affected by the presence of other substances in the reaction environment . Additionally, the compound’s stability could be influenced by factors such as temperature and pH . .
Future Directions
The future directions of research on Palladium(2+);dihydroxide could involve further exploration of its generality in hydrogenolysis reactions of palladium–oxygen bonds . Additionally, the development of more efficient and selective palladium-based catalysts for the direct synthesis of H2O2 from H2 and O2 is a promising area of research .
Preparation Methods
Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions: Palladium(2+);dihydroxide can be synthesized through the reaction of palladium chloride with sodium hydroxide. The process involves dissolving palladium chloride in hydrochloric acid and then neutralizing the solution with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. This reaction results in the precipitation of this compound, which is then washed with deionized water to remove any chloride ions .
Industrial Production Methods: In industrial settings, this compound is often produced by treating activated carbon with palladium chloride, followed by the addition of an alkaline solution to adjust the pH. The mixture is then stirred and aged, filtered, and dried to obtain this compound on carbon .
Chemical Reactions Analysis
Types of Reactions: Palladium(2+);dihydroxide undergoes various chemical reactions, including:
Oxidation: It can be oxidized to form palladium oxide.
Reduction: It can be reduced to metallic palladium using reducing agents such as formic acid or formaldehyde.
Substitution: It can participate in substitution reactions where hydroxide ions are replaced by other ligands.
Common Reagents and Conditions:
Oxidation: Oxygen or hydrogen peroxide can be used as oxidizing agents.
Reduction: Formic acid or formaldehyde are common reducing agents.
Substitution: Various ligands such as halides or phosphines can be used in substitution reactions.
Major Products Formed:
Oxidation: Palladium oxide.
Reduction: Metallic palladium.
Substitution: Palladium complexes with different ligands.
Comparison with Similar Compounds
Palladium(2+);oxide: Similar to palladium(2+);dihydroxide but with oxygen instead of hydroxide ions.
Palladium(2+);chloride: Contains chloride ions instead of hydroxide ions.
Palladium(2+);acetate: Contains acetate ions instead of hydroxide ions.
Uniqueness: this compound is unique due to its high catalytic activity and versatility in various chemical reactions. Its ability to act as a nonpyrophoric catalyst for hydrogenation and arylation reactions makes it particularly valuable in both research and industrial applications .
Properties
IUPAC Name |
palladium(2+);dihydroxide |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/2H2O.Pd/h2*1H2;/q;;+2/p-2 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
NXJCBFBQEVOTOW-UHFFFAOYSA-L |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
[OH-].[OH-].[Pd+2] |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
H2O2Pd |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Weight |
140.43 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
CAS No. |
12135-22-7 |
Source
|
| Record name | Palladium dihydroxide | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=12135-22-7 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
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