Barium sulfate

Controlled Crystallization and Growth Mechanisms

Controlling the crystallization and growth mechanisms during precipitation is essential for obtaining this compound with desired properties. The process involves nucleation, the initial formation of solid particles from the solution, followed by crystal growth, where these nuclei increase in size by the addition of more ions. Aggregation, the clumping together of smaller particles, can also significantly influence the final particle size and morphology. researchgate.net

Research indicates that this compound growth can occur via a self-assembled aggregation mechanism followed by a rapid recrystallization process. researchgate.net The morphology of this compound particles is strongly influenced by the saturation level of the solution; higher saturation levels tend to produce smaller crystals. researchgate.net Parameters such as the molar ratio of reactants (Ba²⁺ to SO₄²⁻), reaction temperature, and the presence of additives like ethanol can significantly impact particle size, size distribution, and morphology, leading to spherical or rod-like particles. asianpubs.org

Data on the influence of process parameters on particle size in direct precipitation methods highlight the sensitivity of the synthesis to reaction conditions. For instance, studies have investigated the effects of reactant concentrations, feeding rates, and temperature on the resulting this compound nanoparticles. asianpubs.orgmdpi.com

Reactive Precipitation in Aqueous Media

Reactive precipitation in aqueous media is a common method for this compound synthesis. This involves mixing aqueous solutions of barium and sulfate precursors, leading to the formation and precipitation of insoluble this compound. researchgate.netasianpubs.orgmdpi.com The properties of the resulting precipitate are highly dependent on the reaction conditions, including reactant concentrations, mixing rate, temperature, and pH. asianpubs.orgmdpi.com

Studies have explored the use of various barium and sulfate sources in aqueous precipitation. Common reactants include barium chloride (BaCl₂) and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). asianpubs.orgmdpi.com The controlled addition of reactants and efficient mixing are crucial for controlling supersaturation, which in turn affects nucleation and growth rates, influencing the final particle size and morphology. mdpi.com Using a semi-batch precipitation method, researchers have investigated the effects of feeding rate and the order of adding reactants on particle characteristics. asianpubs.org

Complexing agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), can be used to control this compound precipitation by hindering the growth of nuclei through adsorption on the crystal surface, which is conducive to the formation of nanoparticles. mdpi.com

Green Synthesis Routes Utilizing Industrial Byproducts (e.g., Wastewater)

Green synthesis approaches for this compound aim to minimize environmental impact, often by utilizing industrial byproducts or waste streams containing barium or sulfate ions. While specific detailed research findings on the direct synthesis of this compound solely from industrial wastewater in advanced methodologies are less prevalent in the provided search results, the concept aligns with sustainable chemical synthesis. The general principle involves recovering valuable materials from waste streams and converting them into useful products like this compound. This approach can offer environmental and economic benefits by reducing waste and utilizing readily available resources.

Some research touches upon the utilization of waste materials or focuses on environmentally friendly synthesis methods in a broader sense, such as using plant extracts for nanoparticle synthesis, although not specifically tied to industrial wastewater for this compound in these results. researchgate.net The application of this compound in treating wastewater containing dyes suggests a connection to industrial processes, but not necessarily its synthesis from wastewater. mdpi.com

Top-Down Approaches for Nanoparticle Production

Top-down approaches involve reducing the size of larger this compound particles or bulk material into the nanoscale range. mdpi.comresearchgate.netmpg.de While conceptually straightforward, methods like milling or grinding can be challenging for producing uniformly sized and shaped nanoparticles and may introduce defects in the crystal structure. mdpi.comresearchgate.net As a result, top-down methods are generally less popular for this compound nanoparticle production compared to bottom-up techniques when precise control over size and morphology is required. mdpi.com

Bottom-Up Strategies for Nanoparticle Assembly

Bottom-up strategies involve the assembly of this compound nanoparticles from atoms or molecules, typically through chemical reactions in a liquid environment. mdpi.comresearchgate.net This approach offers better control over particle size, shape, and structure compared to top-down methods. mdpi.com Precipitation from solution, as discussed in Section 2.1, is the most convenient bottom-up approach for this compound due to its low solubility. mdpi.com

However, direct precipitation can lead to uncontrolled crystal growth. mdpi.com To overcome this, various controlled precipitation techniques are employed within the bottom-up framework, including the use of microemulsions, microreactors, membrane dispersion, and spinning disc reactors. mdpi.comresearchgate.net These methods facilitate intensive and controlled mixing of precursors, which is crucial for managing supersaturation, nucleation, and growth rates, ultimately influencing the properties of the resulting nanoparticles. mdpi.comresearchgate.net

Microemulsions, for instance, can serve as confined reaction environments where the size and shape of the microemulsion droplets can influence the dimensions and morphology of the precipitated this compound nanoparticles. mdpi.commpg.deacs.org Studies using microemulsions have successfully synthesized this compound nanocrystals with sizes in the range of 5-7 nm and also larger tabular-shaped crystals. acs.org The use of surfactants in microemulsions plays a key role in controlling particle size and preventing agglomeration. asianpubs.orgmdpi.comacs.org

The final particle size in microemulsion-based synthesis can be controlled by varying parameters such as the initial reactant concentration ratio. researchgate.net The presence of additives like biopolymers (e.g., starch and polyanionic cellulose) in precipitation methods can also influence nanoparticle size and prevent aggregation through steric hindrance.

Microemulsion-Mediated Synthesis

Microemulsions serve as confined reaction environments for the synthesis of nanoparticles, including this compound. This technique involves the use of a mixture of immiscible liquids (typically water and oil) stabilized by surfactants and co-surfactants, forming thermodynamically stable isotropic dispersions. inoe.ro Within these microdroplets, the reaction between barium ions (Ba²⁺) and sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻) occurs, leading to the nucleation and growth of BaSO₄ particles.

The composition of the microemulsion system, including the type and concentration of surfactants and co-surfactants, as well as the water content, significantly influences the size and morphology of the resulting BaSO₄ nanoparticles. For instance, studies have shown that using Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant in water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions can yield monodisperse BaSO₄ nanoparticles around 10 nm in diameter. mdpi.com Varying the water content in such systems can even influence the particle shape, transitioning from spherical to cubic with increased water. mdpi.com The addition of alcohols like methanol, propanol, and hexanol as co-surfactants along with polyethylene glycol (PEG) can enhance the solubility of polar compounds in the non-polar phase and influence the rate of intermicellar exchange, subsequently affecting particle size. inoe.ro Generally, a higher amount of surfactant in the microemulsion correlates with a decrease in the diameter of the ultrafine this compound particles. researchgate.net Conversely, higher reactant concentrations can lead to larger nanoparticles. researchgate.net

Table 1 summarizes some reported conditions and outcomes for microemulsion-mediated BaSO₄ synthesis.

Microfluidic and Reactor-Based Crystallization (e.g., Spinning Disk Reactors)

Microfluidic systems and spinning disk reactors (SDRs) offer controlled environments for the continuous synthesis of nanoparticles through reactive crystallization. mdpi.comacs.org These methods are particularly effective in overcoming the limitations of direct precipitation by providing intense and controlled micromixing of precursor solutions. mdpi.com

Spinning disk reactors utilize a fast-moving liquid microfilm formed on a rotating disk by centrifugal force. mdpi.com The high centrifugal and shear forces, combined with efficient micromixing, lead to high transfer rates and short mixing times, which are beneficial for controlling nanoparticle synthesis. mdpi.com Studies using SDRs for BaSO₄ synthesis have demonstrated the ability to produce nanoparticles with controlled size and narrow size distribution. mdpi.comacs.org Parameters such as rotational disk speed, feed entrance radius, volumetric flow rate, supersaturation, and free ion ratio influence the resulting particle characteristics. acs.org High rotational speeds and high initial supersaturation have been shown to yield smaller crystals. capes.gov.br For example, a new high-speed spinning disk reactor (HSSDR) operating at 5000 to 15,000 rpm achieved BaSO₄ particles with an average size of 16.4 nm. mdpi.com The free ion ratio also significantly impacts particle size; experiments with excess barium or sulfate ions resulted in smaller mean particle sizes compared to stoichiometric conditions. capes.gov.br SDRs are reported to have significantly lower energy consumption compared to other mixing devices like T-mixers for nanoparticle production. researchgate.net

Microfluidic channels allow for precise control over mixing dynamics and reaction conditions on a micro-scale, making them valuable tools for studying crystallization kinetics and morphology. azoai.comnih.gov They enable the controlled crystallization of compounds like (Ba,Ra)SO₄ solid solutions and provide insights into crystal growth rates and habits under controlled flow. azoai.com Microfluidic experiments have been used to investigate the nucleation and growth mechanisms of BaSO₄, revealing how concentration gradients and saturation states evolve along the channel. azoai.com These studies can help in understanding and controlling mineral scale formation in various industrial processes. uh.eduacs.org

Table 2 presents some findings from studies utilizing reactor-based crystallization methods for BaSO₄.

Homogeneous Precipitation for Nanoscale Control

Homogeneous precipitation is a method where the precipitating agents are generated uniformly throughout the solution, typically through a slow chemical reaction. This approach aims to achieve a high degree of supersaturation simultaneously throughout the reaction volume, leading to rapid nucleation and potentially smaller, more uniform particles. While direct precipitation of this compound from readily soluble barium and sulfate salts is rapid and often results in larger particles, strategies to achieve homogeneous precipitation or controlled reaction rates are employed for nanoscale control.

One approach to controlling precipitation and particle size involves the use of additives that can complex with barium ions or influence crystal growth. For example, the addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) has been reported for the controlled synthesis of BaSO₄. researchgate.netresearchgate.net EDTA can form a complex with Ba²⁺, which controls the reactivity of barium ions during the precipitation process, influencing particle size and morphology. researchgate.netresearchgate.net Similarly, the use of polycarboxylic polymers, such as polyacrylic acid, can act as dispersants or crystal growth modifiers, influencing the size and morphology of precipitated BaSO₄. acs.org These additives can adsorb onto the surface of growing crystals, inhibiting growth in certain directions and affecting the final particle shape and size distribution. researchgate.net

Research into homogeneous precipitation for nanoscale BaSO₄ control often involves carefully controlling reactant concentrations, temperature, and the presence of specific additives to manage the nucleation and growth kinetics. While direct precipitation is simple, achieving fine, uniformly sized nanoparticles typically requires more sophisticated control over the reaction environment. mdpi.com

Chemical Surface Treatment for Enhanced Dispersibility and Interfacial Adhesion

Chemical surface treatment involves the reaction or adsorption of chemical species onto the surface of this compound particles to alter their surface chemistry. This is often done to change the surface energy or introduce functional groups that are compatible with the matrix in which the BaSO₄ is dispersed. researchgate.netscirp.org

Various chemical agents have been investigated for the surface modification of this compound. Studies have shown that molecules containing phosphoric acid and carboxylic acid groups are effective anchoring groups for modifying the BaSO₄ surface. scirp.orgscirp.org These groups can interact with the this compound surface, forming an organic layer that improves compatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrices and helps prevent aggregation. scirp.orgscirp.org Examples of such treatments include the use of ethanesulfonic acid, butyric acid, trimethoxy(propyl) silane, and phosphoric acid derivatives. scirp.orgscirp.org Characterization techniques like FT-IR and TGA are used to confirm the presence of the grafted organic layer on the particle surface after treatment. scirp.orgscirp.org The grafted density of the modifying agent can also be determined. scirp.org

Surface treatment can significantly enhance the mechanical properties of polymeric films filled with BaSO₄ by improving the filler/polymer interface and ensuring optimal stress transfer. scirp.org Modifying the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the this compound surface is a key objective to improve dispersibility and avoid aggregation in various media. scirp.org

Table 3 provides examples of chemical surface treatments and their reported effects on this compound properties.

Grafting and Polymer Coating Strategies

Grafting and polymer coating strategies involve attaching polymer chains or applying a polymer layer onto the surface of this compound particles. This creates a composite particle with the core properties of BaSO₄ and surface properties dictated by the grafted or coated polymer. These techniques are particularly useful for applications where compatibility with a polymer matrix is essential.

Grafting can involve "grafting onto" or "grafting from" approaches. "Grafting onto" involves attaching pre-formed polymer chains to reactive sites on the BaSO₄ surface. "Grafting from" involves initiating polymerization from the surface, where initiators are tethered to the this compound particles. Both methods aim to create a strong chemical link between the inorganic filler and the organic polymer.

Polymer coating involves applying a layer of polymer onto the particle surface. This can be achieved through various methods, such as adsorption, in-situ polymerization, or deposition techniques. The choice of polymer depends on the desired surface properties and the intended application. For example, coating BaSO₄ nanoparticles with polymers can enhance their dispersibility in polymer matrices, improve interfacial adhesion, and modify the rheological properties of the composite.

Research has explored the use of various polymers for coating or grafting onto this compound. Polyacrylic acid and its derivatives have been investigated as dispersants and surface modifiers. acs.org The adsorption of polyelectrolytes like polyacrylates and polysulfonates onto BaSO₄ surfaces has been described as a method to control morphology and properties. researchgate.net Polymers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a water-soluble polymer, can also be used to modify the surface properties of inorganic nanoparticles. ucl.ac.uk

The effectiveness of grafting and polymer coating is evaluated by assessing the dispersibility of the modified particles in different media, the mechanical properties of composites incorporating the modified filler, and the stability of the surface modification over time.

Table 4 lists some polymers and their application in grafting or coating strategies for this compound.

Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM) for Nanostructure Elucidation

Electron microscopy techniques, such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), are powerful tools for visualizing the morphology and nanostructure of this compound particles. SEM provides high-resolution images of the surface morphology, revealing details about particle shape, surface texture, and aggregation researchgate.net. TEM, on the other hand, can provide insights into the internal structure and size of individual nanoparticles researchgate.net. Studies have utilized SEM to observe the morphology of this compound, showing structures ranging from polyhedral to rice-shaped, influenced by factors like pH and the presence of additives mdpi.com. SEM images have also revealed shell-like particles at certain temperatures and agglomeration at higher temperatures nih.gov. TEM has been used to confirm the size and morphology of synthesized this compound nanoparticles, showing monodispersed ellipsoidal nanoparticles in some cases researchgate.net. The primary particle size for some this compound nanoparticles has been reported around 25 nm, which can form larger spherical agglomerates ranging from 2 to 15 μm in diameter in powder form core.ac.uk.

Dynamic Light Scattering and Particle Size Distribution (PSD) Assessment

Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) is a widely used technique for determining the hydrodynamic size and size distribution of particles in suspension mdpi.comresearchgate.net. This method measures the Brownian motion of particles and relates it to their size. DLS analysis of this compound suspensions can provide information about the agglomerate size and how it is influenced by factors such as particle concentration researchgate.net. Studies have shown that the hydrodynamic diameter of this compound particles can range from hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers, depending on the synthesis conditions and dispersion medium mdpi.comnih.gov. For instance, in one study, the predominant particle size observed by DLS was between 100 and 700 nm, with apparent size increasing over time due to aggregation nih.gov. Another study using DLS reported average particle sizes for this compound nanoparticles synthesized in different solvent systems, such as 25.26 nm in ethanol-water and 22.13 nm in pure water chalcogen.ro. Different characterization techniques, including DLS, BET, and TEM, can yield different mean particle size values for the same this compound nanoparticles researchgate.net.

Here is a table summarizing some particle size data obtained from DLS:

Surface Area and Porosity Characterization

Surface area and porosity are important characteristics, particularly for applications where interaction with the surrounding environment is critical. Techniques like the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method are used to measure the specific surface area and pore size distribution of this compound materials us.es. Mesoporous this compound with high surface area has been successfully synthesized nih.gov. One study reported a high BET surface area of 91.56 m²/g, a pore volume of 0.188 cm³/g, and a pore size of 8.22 nm for mesoporous dried BaSO4 nih.govresearchgate.net. Another study comparing different synthesis methods found that this compound particles prepared by a specific method had a specific surface area of 29.25 m²/g, significantly higher than particles prepared by another method (11.95 m²/g) researchgate.net. Porosimetry has also been used to confirm the agglomerate structure of this compound nanoparticles, showing dominant pore sizes core.ac.uk.

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) for Phase Identification and Crystallinity

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) is a primary technique for identifying the crystalline phases present in a this compound sample and assessing its crystallinity mdpi.comthermofisher.comfishersci.ca. XRD patterns of this compound typically reveal the orthorhombic crystal structure, corresponding to the mineral barite researchgate.netshift8web.cananoient.org. Studies using XRD have confirmed the single phase of this compound (barite) in synthesized samples nstproceeding.com. The position and intensity of diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern provide information about the lattice parameters and the degree of crystallinity shift8web.ca. The average crystallite size can also be estimated from the peak broadening using methods like the Scherrer formula researchgate.netchalcogen.ro. For example, one study reported an average crystallite size of 7.8 nm for BaSO4 nanoparticles based on XRD analysis researchgate.net. XRD has also been used to investigate the effect of additives on the crystallinity of this compound, showing that some additives can lower the crystallinity nih.gov.

Spectroscopic Investigations (e.g., UV-Vis Absorption) for Electronic Structure

Spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-Vis Absorption spectroscopy, can provide information about the electronic structure and optical properties of this compound fishersci.ca. UV-Vis absorption spectra can be used to determine the optical band gap energy of this compound, which is relevant for applications in optoelectronics shift8web.caresearchgate.net. This compound nanoparticles have been shown to exhibit high transparency in the visible region and characteristic absorption in the UV region shift8web.caresearchgate.net. The optical band gap energy of BaSO4 nanoparticles has been estimated to be around 4.0 eV, indicating it is an indirect wide band gap material shift8web.caresearchgate.net. Studies have also investigated the UV/Vis absorption properties of polymer composites containing this compound nanoparticles, observing changes in absorption with varying concentrations of BaSO4 chalcogen.rohrpub.org. The absorbance of such composites can be very large in the UV region hrpub.org.

Incorporation into Elastomers and Rubbers for Mechanical Property Enhancement

This compound also contributes to improved aging resistance in silicone elastomers, particularly in acidic environments. researchgate.net Silicone elastomer compounds containing this compound have demonstrated reduced mass loss when immersed in concentrated nitric acid, decreased crack formation, and enhanced stability of mechanical properties. researchgate.net

Application in Engineering Plastics and Thermoplastics

In the plastics industry, this compound is used as a filler to enhance rigidity, dimensional stability, and resistance to acids and alkalis. atamankimya.com It improves surface smoothness and reduces shrinkage in thermoplastics and elastomers. atamankimya.com this compound is a highly useful filler in the plastics industry, with some applications containing up to 70% this compound. plasticservice.com Its inclusion can increase the density of plastic polymers, useful in applications requiring higher weight or mass, such as vibration-damping materials. polymeradd.co.thplasticservice.com Beyond increasing density, this compound enhances acid and alkali resistance and increases opacity. plasticservice.com It can also improve mold processability, scale stability, hardness, and rigidity, while adding to the tensile and tortuous strength of plastic. plasticservice.com For example, in polypropylene (PP) composites, this compound can improve heat resistance, enhance formability, provide better impact and chemical resistance, reduce shrinkage, and increase gloss and hardness. europlas.com.vn These benefits make PP-BaSO₄ composites suitable for applications in household appliances and pipes and fittings. europlas.com.vn

Development of this compound-Polymer Nanocomposites

The development of this compound-polymer nanocomposites involves incorporating this compound nanoparticles into polymer matrices to achieve enhanced properties. chalcogen.roworldscientific.com Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions of this compound can be considered for alternative high surface area forms. americanelements.comamericanelements.com Research has explored the use of this compound nanoparticles in various polymer systems. For instance, studies on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites with this compound nanoparticles have shown that the nanoparticles can act as a heterogeneous nucleation agent, increasing the crystallization rate of HDPE. researchgate.net The tensile strength of these nanocomposites tends to increase with increasing content of this compound nanoparticles. researchgate.net The impact strength, however, may initially increase and then decrease with higher nanoparticle content. researchgate.net One study found that adding 1.0 wt.% of modified this compound nanoparticles could effectively reinforce the HDPE matrix. researchgate.net

In polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)/polyethylene terephthalate (PET) composites, nano-BaSO₄ has been shown to improve mechanical properties. espublisher.com At a 4% content of nano-BaSO₄, the tensile strength of the composite material was 11.6% higher than the PBT/PET system. espublisher.com The impact strength was significantly higher (68.1%) at a 2% content of nano-BaSO₄. espublisher.com The small size and large specific surface area of nanoparticles contribute to high physical and chemical activity, allowing for physical and chemical combination with the polymer chain segment. espublisher.com

This compound nanoparticles synthesized by precipitation methods have been used to prepare polymer nanocomposites, such as with polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), for tuning optical properties like UV-Vis absorption. chalcogen.ro Surface modification of this compound nanoparticles can also be employed to improve the interface of polymer composites and enhance properties like X-ray shielding. researchgate.net

Opacifiers and Extender Pigments in Coatings and Paints

This compound is widely used as a filler and extender in paints and coatings, offering high brightness, improved adhesion, weather resistance, and chemical inertness. atamankimya.compolymeradd.co.thpvcandalliedsupplies.com It is common in automotive, marine, and industrial coatings, as well as in high-gloss finishes. atamankimya.com Precipitated this compound is particularly used in coatings to improve brightness, chemical resistance, and gloss. atamankimya.comhoyonn.com Its inertness and opacity make it a preferred extender and pigment base. atamankimya.com

As a pigment extender, this compound enhances opacity and whiteness, a valuable property in applications requiring a solid, opaque finish like architectural paints and industrial coatings. polymeradd.co.th Its high refractive index and excellent hiding power contribute to this. polymeradd.co.th this compound can also adjust the density of paint and coating formulations and impart thixotropic properties, improving application, leveling, and sag resistance. polymeradd.co.th The addition of this compound can also improve the weatherability and resistance of paints and coatings to environmental factors such as UV radiation, moisture, and temperature fluctuations. polymeradd.co.th this compound can be used to replace a percentage of titanium dioxide in water-based paints, potentially improving whiteness without reducing hiding power. xibochem.cn

Specialized Applications in Paper and Textile Industries

This compound is utilized in the paper industry as a filler to improve opacity, brightness, and printability. ceramic-glazes.compvcandalliedsupplies.combrenntag.compolymeradd.co.th It contributes to smoother paper surfaces, which can enhance ink adhesion and print quality. polymeradd.co.th this compound's high refractive index and light scattering properties make it an effective filler for increasing the brightness of paper products, desirable for printing and packaging applications. polymeradd.co.th It also serves as a bulking agent, allowing for increased thickness and bulkiness without significantly increasing weight, useful for lightweight papers with good bulk and stiffness. polymeradd.co.th this compound can also be incorporated into surface coating formulations for paper and paperboard to improve smoothness, gloss, and printability. polymeradd.co.th While not its primary function, this compound can contribute to enhancing certain mechanical properties of paper, such as tensile strength and tear resistance. polymeradd.co.th

This compound as Catalyst Supports

This compound is employed as a catalyst support, particularly in hydrogenation reactions where selective reduction of functional groups is required. wikipedia.orgfishersci.pt Its low surface area is advantageous in these applications as it can lead to shorter contact times between the substrate and the catalyst, thereby enhancing selectivity and preventing overreduction. wikipedia.org For instance, palladium on this compound (Pd/BaSO₄) is a known catalyst used in the Rosenmund reduction. wikipedia.orgfishersci.pt Research has explored the influence of the support's structure on catalytic performance. One study indicated that a this compound support without mesopores, where palladium grains were deposited on the external surface, showed improved activity in the hydrogenation of polystyrene. researchgate.net This was attributed to reduced pore diffusion of polystyrene coils, allowing more active sites to participate in the reaction. researchgate.net

Studies on platinum-supported this compound (Pt/BaSO₄) catalysts have also been conducted for applications such as SO₃ decomposition in the sulfur-iodine cycle for hydrogen production. acs.org The method of preparing the this compound support can influence catalytic performance. For example, Pt/BaSO₄ prepared by spray pyrolysis showed higher SO₃ conversion at lower temperatures compared to catalysts prepared by a dispersion method. acs.org The catalytic performance was also found to be influenced by the platinum loading, with 1.0 Pt/BaSO₄ showing high catalytic performance due to high surface area and small particle size of platinum. acs.org

Adsorption Media for Specific Chemical Species

While primarily known for its insolubility, this compound can be utilized as an adsorbent for specific chemical species. Research has investigated its potential in treating wastewater by removing certain contaminants. For example, waste dye-BaSO₄ hybrid materials have shown efficiency in treating wastewater containing cationic dyes and copper ions. nih.gov A hybrid material formed by immobilizing Mordant blue 9 (MB) with this compound demonstrated high removal rates for Basic blue BO (BB) dye and Cu²⁺ ions. nih.gov The adsorption of BB was attributed to ion-pair equilibrium, while Cu²⁺ removal likely resulted from complexation. nih.gov

Although some conventional techniques for heavy metal treatment include chemical precipitation using barium chloride to precipitate sulfate as this compound, research also explores the use of various adsorbents for barium removal itself from water, such as zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), to prevent this compound incrustations. onepetro.orgrsdjournal.org Notably, a magnetic MOF with sulfate function demonstrated high selectivity and adsorption capacity for barium ions even in the presence of other ions. onepetro.org

Material Considerations for Radiographic Contrast Enhancement

This compound is a widely used positive contrast agent in medical imaging, particularly for visualizing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scans. noahchemicals.comradiopaedia.orgdrugbank.compatsnap.com Its effectiveness stems from its high density and high atomic number (Z=56), which enable it to effectively absorb or attenuate X-rays, creating a clear contrast between the barium-filled structures and surrounding tissues. noahchemicals.comdrugbank.comhowradiologyworks.com

For radiographic contrast media, this compound is supplied as a suspension of fine particles in water. noahchemicals.comradiopaedia.org The particle size of this compound is a critical material consideration for optimizing image quality and suspension properties. Smaller particle sizes generally lead to a larger surface area. rsna.org For instance, reducing particle size from 10 microns to 1 micron increases the surface area tenfold. rsna.org This increased surface area can affect the viscosity and fluidity of the suspension due to increased water adsorption. rsna.org While micropulverization to very fine particles (0.04 to 0.1 micron) can enhance covering properties, the importance of a critical particle size range for routine diagnostic use has been noted. rsna.org Commercially available preparations often have particle size distributions where a significant percentage of particles are 5 microns or greater, with some compositions specifying average particle sizes around 10 microns. google.com Additives are often included in this compound contrast media to improve particle suspension, mucosal coating, viscosity, and texture. appliedradiology.org

Table 1: Effect of Particle Size on this compound Surface Area

*Data derived from reference rsna.org.

This compound's insolubility in water and stomach acid prevents its absorption into the bloodstream, contributing to its safety for GI tract imaging. noahchemicals.comradiopaedia.org

Integration into Smart Materials and Sensors

This compound is being explored for integration into smart materials and sensors, leveraging its unique properties. Smart materials are often defined as structures incorporating sensors, actuators, and control elements. pku.edu.cn While this compound itself may not be an active component in the same way as some other smart materials, its inclusion in composites can contribute to sensor functionalities.

For example, this compound nanoparticles have been used in the development of electrochemical sensors for the determination of barium ions. ekb.eg Solid-state membrane and coated wire sensors were fabricated using BaSO₄ nanoparticles synthesized by chemical co-precipitation. ekb.eg These sensors demonstrated linear responses over specific concentration ranges of Ba²⁺ ions. ekb.eg

This compound can also be incorporated into polymer composites to tune their properties for sensor applications. mdpi.com Nanocomposites of poly(o-anisidine)/BaSO₄ have been synthesized, and the addition of this compound nanoparticles was found to influence the electrical conductivity of the material. mdpi.com By varying the percentage of BaSO₄ nanoparticles, the conductivity of the composites could be tuned, suggesting their potential for sensor design. mdpi.combohrium.com

Furthermore, this compound has been used as a reference reflectance panel in the development and calibration of sensors for agricultural applications, such as those used in satellite-based crop health monitoring. semanticscholar.org This highlights its role as a stable and reliable material in sensor systems requiring consistent reflectance properties.

Table 2: Properties of BaSO₄ Nanocomposites with Varying BaSO₄ Content

*Data derived from reference mdpi.com. Note: The conductivity values for 7% and 10% are the same in the source table.