Ivermectin B1a
Overview
Description
Ivermectin B1a is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent belonging to the avermectin family of medications. It was discovered in 1975 and initially used in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, ivermectin is used to treat infestations such as head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, and lymphatic filariasis .
Scientific Research Applications
Environmental Impact
- Impact on Dung Degradation : Ivermectin, when administered to cattle, has been shown to affect the degradation of dung due to its insecticidal effects on dung-degrading insects. This can have significant environmental consequences for pastureland, as the absence of these insects slows down the degradation process of dung, impacting soil health and nutrient cycling (Wall & Strong, 1987).
Antiviral Properties
- Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Replication : Research has indicated that Ivermectin can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, suggesting potential for further investigation into its benefits for treating COVID-19 (Caly et al., 2020).
Anticancer Potential
- Reducing Cytogenotoxicity : A study combining Ivermectin with aged garlic extract showed a reduction in Ivermectin-induced cytogenotoxicity in rat bone marrow cells, highlighting a potential avenue for its application in reducing genetic damage (Khalil & Abu Samrah, 2018).
Neurological Effects
- Inhibition of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission : Ivermectin has been found to mediate inhibitory glutamatergic neurotransmission through its action on chloride channels, which may contribute to its antiparasitic effects by affecting nerve and muscle cells of parasites (Dent et al., 1997).
Aquatic Toxicity
- Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates : The aquatic toxicity of Ivermectin, assessed through microcosm experiments, showed that it poses a risk to aquatic ecosystems by affecting invertebrates and potentially disrupting nutrient cycling in water bodies. This underscores the need for careful management of livestock treatment to prevent environmental contamination (Mesa et al., 2017).
Mechanism of Action
Target of Action
Ivermectin B1a, also known as Ivermectin, primarily targets glutamate-gated chloride channels . These channels are common in nematodes, insects, and ticks . The role of these channels is to regulate the flow of chloride ions across the cell membrane, which is crucial for cell function and neurotransmission .
Mode of Action
This compound interacts with its targets by binding to these glutamate-gated chloride channels . This binding induces irreversible channel opening, leading to a very long-lasting hyperpolarization/depolarization of the neuron/muscle cell, thereby blocking further function . This interaction disrupts normal cell function, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite .
Biochemical Pathways
It is known that the drug interferes with the normal functioning of the targeted glutamate-gated chloride channels . This interference disrupts the normal flow of chloride ions, which is essential for the regulation of electrical activity in nerve and muscle cells . The disruption of these pathways leads to paralysis and death of the parasite .
Pharmacokinetics
This compound is characterized by low absorption when administered subcutaneously, a large volume of distribution, very small biotransformation, and slow excretion . It has been found that the half-life of this compound is around a day . The kinetics of this compound are somewhat disconnected from its pharmacodynamics, as antiparasitic events persist for several months after a single dose of the drug .
Result of Action
The primary result of this compound’s action is the effective treatment of various parasitic diseases. It is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic agent, primarily deployed to combat parasitic worms in veterinary and human medicine . It is also effective against other worm-related infections and diseases, plus several parasite-induced epidermal parasitic skin diseases, as well as insect infestations .
Action Environment
The action of this compound can be influenced by various environmental factors. For instance, when administered to livestock, between 80 and 98% of the drug is estimated to leave the body without being metabolized in feces, thus reaching the soil . This can lead to contamination in the soil and potential harm to non-target organisms . Therefore, the prudent use of this compound is recommended to reduce negative effects on the environment .
Safety and Hazards
Ivermectin is known to cause severe encephalopathies in subjects infected with loiasis, an endemic parasite in Sub-Saharan Africa . It can also cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypotension (low blood pressure), allergic reactions (itching and hives), dizziness, ataxia (problems with balance), seizures, coma, and even death .
Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical Properties
Ivermectin B1a exerts its antiparasitic activity by binding to glutamate-gated chloride channels expressed on nematode neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells . This binding induces irreversible channel opening and very long-lasting hyperpolarization/depolarization of the neuron/muscle cell, thereby blocking further function .
Cellular Effects
This compound has been shown to have a broad range of effects on various types of cells. It has been reported to inhibit the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in cells . In addition to its antiviral effects, this compound also causes immunomodulation in the host . It has been shown to increase the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid receptor or glutamate-chloride ion channel (Glu-Cl), increase the influx of chloride ions, and cause the cell membrane hyperpolarization, thereby blocking signal transmission between neurons and muscles .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of action of this compound involves binding interactions with biomolecules, enzyme inhibition or activation, and changes in gene expression. Its primary target is glutamate-gated chloride channels, although it is also active against other invertebrate neurotransmitter receptors, including GABA-, histamine- and pH-sensitive channels . It produces antiparasitic activity by inducing irreversible channel opening and very long-lasting hyperpolarization/depolarization of the neuron/muscle cell .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
The effects of this compound over time in laboratory settings have been studied. For example, an in-vitro study reported that this compound inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication with a 5000-fold reduction in viral RNA level during the first 48 h of usage . Another study found that single-dose this compound was ineffective in decreasing the time to a negative RT-PCR test .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of this compound vary with different dosages in animal models. For example, a study of pharmacokinetics for this compound from Beagle dogs revealed that when the P-gp inhibitor curcumin was also co-administered orally, C max and AUC 0–∞ were found to be 177±57 and 4,213±948 h·μg·L −1, respectively .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is metabolized, both in vivo and in vitro, by C-hydroxylation and O-demethylation reactions catalyzed by P450 3A4 as the major enzyme, with a contribution of P450 3A5 and 2C9 . In samples from both in vitro and in vivo metabolism, a number of metabolites were detected and as major identified metabolites were 3″-O-demethylated, C4-methyl hydroxylated, C25 isobutyl-/isopropyl-hydroxylated, and products of oxidation reactions .
Transport and Distribution
This compound is transported and distributed within cells and tissues. It is suggested that P-gp (MDR1) transporter participate in this compound efflux at low drug concentration with a slow transport rate. At the higher, micromolar concentration range, which saturates MDR1 (P-gp), MRP1, and to a lesser extent, MRP2 and MRP3 participate in this compound transport across physiological barriers .
Subcellular Localization
It is known that this compound can modulate the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor (GABAAR), glycine receptor (GlyR) and neuronal α7-nicotinic receptor (nAChR), which are present in various subcellular locations .
Preparation Methods
Ivermectin B1a is synthesized from the fermentation products of the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis. The preparation involves several steps:
Protection of Hydroxyl Groups: The 4’'-position hydroxyl and 5
Properties
| { "Design of the Synthesis Pathway": "The synthesis of Ivermectin involves several steps including reduction, alkylation, and oxidation reactions.", "Starting Materials": [ "Streptomyces avermitilis (source of avermectin B1a)", "Sodium borohydride", "Methyl iodide", "Hydrogen peroxide", "Acetic acid", "Sodium hydroxide", "Methanol", "Chloroform" ], "Reaction": [ "Avermectin B1a is reduced with sodium borohydride to form 4"-epi-avermectin B1a", "4"-epi-avermectin B1a is alkylated with methyl iodide to form 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a", "22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid to form ivermectin aglycone", "Ivermectin aglycone is treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide in methanol and chloroform to form Ivermectin" ] } | |
| Ivermectin binds selectively and with high affinity to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels in invertebrate muscle and nerve cells of the microfilaria. This binding causes an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to chloride ions and results in hyperpolarization of the cell, leading to paralysis and death of the parasite. Ivermectin also is believed to act as an agonist of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), thereby disrupting GABA-mediated central nervous system (CNS) neurosynaptic transmission. Ivermectin may also impair normal intrauterine development of _O. volvulus_ microfilariae and may inhibit their release from the uteri of gravid female worms. | |
CAS No. |
70288-86-7 |
Molecular Formula |
C48H74O14 |
Molecular Weight |
875.1 g/mol |
IUPAC Name |
(1S,4S,5'S,6R,6'R,8R,10E,12S,13S,14E,16E,20R,21R,24S)-6'-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-21,24-dihydroxy-12-[(2R,4S,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,4S,5S,6S)-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-4-methoxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-5',11,13,22-tetramethylspiro[3,7,19-trioxatetracyclo[15.6.1.14,8.020,24]pentacosa-10,14,16,22-tetraene-6,2'-oxane]-2-one |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C48H74O14/c1-11-25(2)43-28(5)17-18-47(62-43)23-34-20-33(61-47)16-15-27(4)42(26(3)13-12-14-32-24-55-45-40(49)29(6)19-35(46(51)58-34)48(32,45)52)59-39-22-37(54-10)44(31(8)57-39)60-38-21-36(53-9)41(50)30(7)56-38/h12-15,19,25-26,28,30-31,33-45,49-50,52H,11,16-18,20-24H2,1-10H3/b13-12+,27-15+,32-14+/t25-,26-,28-,30-,31-,33+,34-,35+,36-,37-,38-,39-,40+,41-,42-,43+,44-,45+,47+,48+/m0/s1 |
InChI Key |
AZSNMRSAGSSBNP-TYECJXEWSA-N |
Isomeric SMILES |
CC[C@H](C)[C@@H]1[C@H](CC[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[C@H](O2)C/C=C(/[C@H]([C@H](/C=C/C=C/4\CO[C@H]5[C@@]4([C@H](C=C([C@H]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[C@H]6C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O6)C)O[C@H]7C[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O7)C)O)OC)OC)\C)C |
SMILES |
CCC(C)C1C(CCC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C |
Canonical SMILES |
CCC(C)C1C(CCC2(O1)CC3CC(O2)CC=C(C(C(C=CC=C4COC5C4(C(C=C(C5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)OC6CC(C(C(O6)C)OC7CC(C(C(O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C |
Appearance |
Solid powder |
| 71827-03-7 70288-86-7 |
|
Pictograms |
Acute Toxic; Health Hazard; Environmental Hazard |
Purity |
>90% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis) |
shelf_life |
>2 years if stored properly |
solubility |
Insoluble |
storage |
Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years). |
Synonyms |
MK-933; Ivermectin; Ivomec; L 64047; 1 Mectizan; MK 933; MK-0933; Noromectin; Pandex. |
Origin of Product |
United States |
Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
A: Ivermectin exerts its antiparasitic effect by acting as an agonist for glutamate-gated chloride channels. This leads to hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle cells in invertebrates, causing paralysis and death. []
A: Unlike conventional insecticides and repellents, Ivermectin targets glutamate-gated chloride channels, disrupting nervous system function in parasites. This unique mechanism sets it apart from other mosquito control agents. []
A: Ivermectin interacts with glutamate-gated chloride channels in mammals, but with significantly lower affinity compared to invertebrates, explaining its selective toxicity. []
A: Research suggests Ivermectin may interact with other targets, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transmembrane protein involved in drug efflux. This interaction could influence Ivermectin's distribution and efficacy. [, ]
A: Ivermectin treatment disrupts neuromuscular transmission in parasites, leading to paralysis, reduced microfilarial production, and ultimately, death. [, ]
A: Ivermectin (C48H74O14) has a molecular weight of 875.09 g/mol. []
A: While the provided articles don't include specific spectroscopic data, various analytical techniques like GC/MS and HPLC have been used to detect and quantify Ivermectin in biological samples. []
A: Yes, computational drug repositioning using Connectivity Map (cMap) and data/pathway mining with the Ingenuity Knowledge Base has been employed to explore Ivermectin's potential in treating gastric cancer. []
A: Computational analyses identified nine molecular targets of Ivermectin in gastric cancer, suggesting its involvement in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and cell proliferation. In silico modeling showed Ivermectin's potential to inhibit this pathway. []
A: Ivermectin's lipophilic nature presents challenges for formulation, impacting its solubility and bioavailability. Strategies to overcome these limitations might include developing novel drug delivery systems. []
A: Yes, Ivermectin is available in various formulations, including oral tablets, topical creams, and injectables for veterinary use. [, , ]
A: Ivermectin is primarily metabolized by the liver and excreted in feces. Studies in cattle have shown that after topical application, a significant portion of the drug can be ingested through licking. [, ]
A: Yes, interspecies variations in Ivermectin's pharmacokinetics have been observed, likely due to differences in factors like P-glycoprotein activity. This highlights the need for species-specific dosing regimens. []
A: Yes, a case report described an adverse interaction between Ivermectin and Warfarin, a blood thinner, leading to worsened coagulopathy. This underscores the need to consider potential drug interactions when administering Ivermectin. []
A: Following a standard oral dose of Ivermectin, peak plasma concentrations are significantly lower than the concentration required for antiviral effects observed in in vitro studies. []
A: Studies indicate that a single dose of Ivermectin can significantly reduce the transmission potential of malaria for at least two weeks. []
A: While some studies suggest a potential benefit of Ivermectin in treating COVID-19, a large randomized controlled trial (ACTIV-6) found no significant improvement in recovery time among outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 treated with Ivermectin compared to placebo. [, ]
A: Yes, Ivermectin effectively treats various parasitic infections, including scabies, strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, and onchocerciasis, in both humans and animals. [, , , , ]
A: Yes, several animal models, including jirds infected with H. contortus and cattle infected with O. ochengi, have been used to evaluate Ivermectin's efficacy and investigate resistance mechanisms. [, ]
A: Yes, Ivermectin resistance has been reported in several parasite species, including H. contortus, posing a significant threat to its long-term effectiveness. [, , ]
A: While the exact mechanisms are not fully understood, mutations in glutamate-gated chloride channels and alterations in drug efflux pumps like P-glycoprotein have been implicated in Ivermectin resistance. [, , ]
A: Yes, cross-resistance between Ivermectin and other macrocyclic lactones like moxidectin has been observed in some parasite populations. []
A: Although generally well-tolerated at recommended doses, Ivermectin can cause side effects, including dizziness, nausea, and allergic reactions. Severe adverse events are rare but can occur, especially in individuals with heavy Loa loa infections. [, , , ]
A: Ivermectin toxicity has been reported in animals, particularly in certain dog breeds with a genetic mutation affecting drug metabolism. Symptoms can range from neurological signs to liver damage. [, , ]
ANone: While specific drug delivery systems weren't discussed in the provided articles, researchers are continually exploring innovative approaches to enhance drug targeting and improve Ivermectin's bioavailability.
A: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are commonly employed to detect and quantify Ivermectin levels in various matrices. []
A: Ivermectin, when used topically in cattle, can contaminate the environment through fecal excretion and licking behavior. This raises concerns about potential impacts on dung-degrading insects and soil ecosystems. []
A: Ivermectin's lipophilicity can limit its dissolution in aqueous environments, potentially impacting its absorption and bioavailability. []
A: Ivermectin's interaction with P-glycoprotein, a drug efflux transporter, highlights its potential to influence drug disposition and potentially contribute to resistance mechanisms. [, ]
A: The discovery of Ivermectin by Merck scientists in 1976, followed by its development into a highly effective antiparasitic drug for both human and veterinary use, marked significant milestones in its history. [, ]
A: Programs like the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) and the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), involving mass drug administration of Ivermectin, have significantly reduced the burden of these diseases. []
A: Yes, research on Ivermectin resistance mechanisms in parasites has implications for understanding drug resistance in other organisms, including cancer cells. [, ]
A: The study of Ivermectin has brought together researchers from diverse fields, including parasitology, pharmacology, immunology, and computational biology, to address challenges related to its efficacy, safety, and resistance. [, , ]
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Please be aware that all articles and product information presented on BenchChem are intended solely for informational purposes. The products available for purchase on BenchChem are specifically designed for in-vitro studies, which are conducted outside of living organisms. In-vitro studies, derived from the Latin term "in glass," involve experiments performed in controlled laboratory settings using cells or tissues. It is important to note that these products are not categorized as medicines or drugs, and they have not received approval from the FDA for the prevention, treatment, or cure of any medical condition, ailment, or disease. We must emphasize that any form of bodily introduction of these products into humans or animals is strictly prohibited by law. It is essential to adhere to these guidelines to ensure compliance with legal and ethical standards in research and experimentation.
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