Ifosfamide
Overview
Description
Ifosfamide is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including testicular cancer, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, bladder cancer, small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, and ovarian cancer . It belongs to the alkylating agent and nitrogen mustard family of medications . This compound works by disrupting the duplication of DNA and the creation of RNA, thereby inhibiting cancer cell growth .
Scientific Research Applications
Ifosfamide is widely used in scientific research, particularly in the fields of chemistry, biology, medicine, and industry. In medicine, it is used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat various cancers . In biology, it is used to study the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair, as well as the effects of alkylating agents on cellular processes . In chemistry, it serves as a model compound for studying the reactivity of nitrogen mustards and the development of new anticancer agents . Industrial applications include the development of nanostructured lipid carriers for oral delivery of this compound, which aim to improve its stability and bioavailability .
Mechanism of Action
Target of Action
Ifosfamide is an alkylating and immunosuppressive agent used in chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers . Its primary targets are the DNA molecules within cancer cells . By interacting with DNA, this compound interferes with the cell’s ability to replicate, leading to cell death and slowing the growth and spread of cancer .
Mode of Action
This compound works by damaging the DNA in cancer cells, which leads to cell death . The cytotoxic action of this compound primarily occurs through the alkylation of DNA, specifically by attaching the N-7 position of guanine to its reactive electrophilic groups . This interaction disrupts the duplication of DNA and the creation of RNA , thereby inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells .
Biochemical Pathways
These crosslinks facilitate cellular damage and death . The metabolism of this compound can be affected by a number of factors, including autoinduction, drug combinations, and/or polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes that metabolize and transport this compound .
Pharmacokinetics
This compound requires biotransformation in the liver by mixed-function oxidases (cytochrome P450 system) before it becomes active . The activation and deactivation of this compound in vivo and in rat liver microsomes are mediated by different CYP isoenzymes: 3A (CYP3A) plus CYP2B1/CYP2C11 and CYP3A, respectively . The specific isoenzymes responsible for metabolism in humans may differ significantly from those in rats .
Result of Action
The molecular and cellular effects of this compound’s action include the disruption of DNA replication and RNA creation , leading to cell death and slowing the growth and spread of cancer . This compound can exert a bimodal antitumor action with cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects combined with adoptive immunotherapy .
Action Environment
Environmental factors can influence the action, efficacy, and stability of this compound. For example, the metabolism of this compound can be affected by a number of factors, including autoinduction, drug combinations, and/or polymorphisms of genes encoding enzymes that metabolize and transport this compound . Understanding these factors can help optimize the use of this compound in cancer treatment.
Safety and Hazards
Ifosfamide can pose a health hazard to caregivers. All caregivers should take safety precautions while giving this drug. For 48 hours after this drug is given, the patient’s body fluids can contain the drug . It is toxic if swallowed and causes serious eye irritation . It is also known to have numerous adverse kidney manifestations .
Future Directions
There is a need for more effective treatment for patients with high-risk features but also reduced treatment-related toxicity for all patients. Predictive biomarkers are needed to help inform clinicians to de-escalate or add therapy, including immune therapies, and to contribute to future clinical trial designs . Future directions in the treatment of osteosarcoma with a focus on incorporating toxicity reduction, immune therapy, and molecular analysis to provide the most effective and least toxic osteosarcoma therapy .
Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical Properties
Ifosfamide is metabolized by the liver CYP450 enzymes to its active metabolites . These metabolites, phosphoramide mustard derivatives and acrolein, bind to the DNA inhibiting DNA synthesis . The metabolism of this compound in vivo and in rat liver microsomes is mediated by different CYP isoenzymes: 3A (CYP3A) plus CYP2B1/ CYP2C11 and CYP3A, respectively .
Cellular Effects
This compound and its metabolites can cause toxicity of normal cells due to induction of oxidative stress . This can lead to hematological toxicity and liver injury .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of this compound involves its metabolites binding to the DNA, which inhibits DNA synthesis . This action is facilitated by the liver CYP450 enzymes .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In most clinical pharmacokinetic studies, the phenomenon of autoinduction has been observed, but the mechanism is not completely understood .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of this compound vary with different dosages in animal models . High doses of this compound can cause hematological toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatotoxicity .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is involved in various metabolic pathways, interacting with enzymes such as CYP3A, CYP2B1, and CYP2C11 . The specific isoenzymes responsible for this compound metabolism may lead to an improved efficacy/toxicity ratio by modulation of the metabolic pathways .
Transport and Distribution
Whether this compound is specifically transported by erythrocytes and which activated this compound metabolites play a key role in this transport is currently being debated .
Subcellular Localization
The subcellular localization of this compound and its metabolites is a complex process that involves various enzymes and transporters .
Preparation Methods
Ifosfamide can be synthesized through several routes. One method involves reacting an this compound intermediate with a chlorinating agent, followed by cyclization under the action of an organic base . Another method uses aziridine as the starting material, which undergoes cyclization and subsequent reactions to form this compound . Industrial production methods often involve optimizing these synthetic routes to ensure high yield and purity while minimizing the use of toxic and explosive chemicals .
Chemical Reactions Analysis
Ifosfamide undergoes various chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, and substitution. It is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to the formation of active and inactive metabolites . Common reagents used in these reactions include mixed-function oxidases and organic bases . Major products formed from these reactions include chloroacetaldehyde and other metabolites that contribute to the drug’s therapeutic and toxic effects .
Comparison with Similar Compounds
Ifosfamide is chemically related to other nitrogen mustards, such as cyclophosphamide, trofosfamide, mafosfamide, sufosfamide, and glufosfamide . Compared to these compounds, this compound has unique pharmacokinetic properties, including a longer half-life and different metabolic pathways . Its ability to form DNA crosslinks and its effectiveness in treating a wide range of cancers make it a valuable chemotherapeutic agent .
Properties
IUPAC Name |
N,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-oxo-1,3,2λ5-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C7H15Cl2N2O2P/c8-2-4-10-14(12)11(6-3-9)5-1-7-13-14/h1-7H2,(H,10,12) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
HOMGKSMUEGBAAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
C1CN(P(=O)(OC1)NCCCl)CCCl |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C7H15Cl2N2O2P |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID7020760 |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7020760 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
261.08 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015312 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
Soluble in water, 1.50e+01 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01181 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | IFOSFAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7023 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015312 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
The exact mechanism of ifosfamide has not been determined, but appears to be similar to other alkylating agents. Ifosfamide requires biotransformation in the liver by mixed-function oxidases (cytochrome P450 system) before it becomes active. After metabolic activation, active metabolites of ifosfamide alkylate or bind with many intracellular molecular structures, including nucleic acids. The cytotoxic action is primarily through the alkylation of DNA, done by attaching the N-7 position of guanine to its reactive electrophilic groups. The formation of inter and intra strand cross-links in the DNA results in cell death., Mechanism of action: metabolites cause alkylation of DNA. /from table/, Ifosfamide, a structural analog of cyclophosphamide, belongs to the oxazaphosphorine class of antitumor alkylating agents which must be activated by the mixed function oxidase system of the liver. The 4-hydroxy oxazaphosphorines are a reactive species capable of interacting with nucleic acids & cellular materials to cause cell damage & death. The 4-hydroxy metabolite spontaneously liberates acrolein in many sites throughout the body & it is this substance that is responsible for oxazaphosphorine urotoxicity. Both ifosfamide & cyclophosphamide produce cystitis characterized by tissue edema & ulceration followed by sloughing of mucosal epithelial cells, necrosis of smooth muscle fibers & arteries, & culminating in focal hemorrhage. The selective urotoxicity of oxazaphosphorine occurs because the bladder contains a very low concn of thiol cmpds (glutathione, cysteine) which, by virtue of their nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups, are able to react & neutralize many reactive chemicals. Because the metabolic activation of ifosfamide proceeds more slowly than that of cyclophosphamide, doses of ifosfamide are 3-4 times higher than those of cyclophosphamide. This explains the higher incidence of urotoxicity associated with ifosfamide. |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01181 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
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| Record name | IFOSFAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7023 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Crystals from anhyd ether, White crystalline powder | |
CAS No. |
3778-73-2 |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=3778-73-2 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
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| Record name | Ifosfamide [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
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| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01181 | |
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| Record name | ifosfamide | |
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| Record name | ifosfamide | |
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| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
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| Record name | IFOSFAMIDE | |
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| Record name | IFOSFAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7023 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015312 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
39-41 °C, 39 - 41 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01181 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | IFOSFAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7023 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ifosfamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015312 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
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